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Atomic: M.A.C. | Reference
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Gadolinium
Electrons per shell 2,8,18,25,9,2
Electron Configuration [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2 open electron config
Ground state 92
Atomic Volume 19.9 cm3 mol-1
Electronegativity 1.2
Magnetic ordering Ferromagnetic
Speed of sound 2680 m s-1
Thermal Properties
Enthalpy of Atomization 352 kJ mol-1 @25°C
Enthalpy of Fusion 15.5 kJ mol-1
Enthalpy of Vaporisation 301 kJ mol-1
Heat Capacity 37.03 J mol-1 K-1
Thermal Conductivity 10.6 W m-1 K-1
Thermal Expansion 9.4 μm m-1 K-1
Hardness
Vickers hardness 570 MPa
Elastic Properties
Bulk modulus 37.9 GPa
Poisson ratio 0.259
Shear modulus 21.8 GPa
Young's modulus 54.8 GPa
Electrical Properties
Electrical resistivity 1.30 x 10-6 Ω m
Electrical conductivity 0.00736 106/cm Ω
Chemical Properties
Electrochemical Equivalent 1.9557 g Ah-1
Electron Work Function 3.1 eV
Valence Electron Potential (-eV) 46.1
Ionization Potential  
First 6.15
Second 12.095
Third 20.635
Energy Levels
Kα1 (intensity 100) 42.9962 KeV
Kα2 (intensity 50) 42.3089 KeV
Kβ1 (intensity 22.9) 48.697 KeV
Kβ2 (intensity 8.1) 49.8898 KeV
Kβ3 (intensity 9.4) 48.5483 KeV
Lα1 (intensity 100) 6.0572 KeV
Lα2 (intensity 10) 6.025 KeV
Lβ1 (intensity 44.5) 6.7132 KeV
Lβ2 (intensity 18) 7.1028 KeV
Lβ3 (intensity 10) 6.8299 KeV
Lβ4 (intensity 4) 6.6857 KeV
Lγ1 (intensity 6) 7.7858 KeV
Lγ2 (intensity 2) 8.0738 KeV
Lγ3 (intensity 2) 6.048 KeV
Ll (intensity 4.5) 5.3627 KeV
Atomic Radii
Empirical 180 pm
Bohr Radius 233 pm
Covalent Radius 196 pm
Van der Waals No data.
Triple covalent 132 pm
Metallic 180.4 pm
Oxidation States
Main Gd+2, Gd+3
Other
Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1) show graph
M - M+ 592.5
M+ - M2+ 1167
M2+ - M3+ 1990
M3+ - M4+ 4250
Vapour Pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1K 10K 100K
T (K) 1836 2028 2267 2573 2976 3535
Crystal Structure
Structure Hexagonal close packed
a = 363.6 pm
b = 363.6 pm
c = 578.26 pm
α = 90°
β = 90°
γ = 120°